Abstract

The scientific study of politics is political science. Political science is a branch of social science that studies power and governance systems as well as the study of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and the laws and constitutions that go along with them. The three main subdisciplines of modern political science are comparative politics, international relations, and political theory. Other notable subdisciplines include public policy and administration, domestic politics and government, political economy, and political methodology. Political science also draws on the fields of economics, law,

Keywords

Politics, Social science

1. INTRODUCTION

Methodologically, political science incorporates a wide range of approaches from psychology, social research, and political philosophy. Rational choice theory, positivism, interpretivism, behaviorism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism are some of the approaches. As one of the social sciences, political science employs methods and techniques related to the kinds of questions being asked: secondary sources, such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building, are examples of primary sources.

The term "political science" was not always distinguished from political philosophy, and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents that include moral philosophy, political economy, political theology, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. Contemporary political science began to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century and began to separate itself from political philosophy and history. Until the late 19th century, it was still

The establishment of university departments and chairs that bore the name "political science" in the latter part of the 19th century marked the beginning of the field of study known as "political science" as a university discipline. The term "political scientist" is often used to refer to a person who has a doctoral or master's degree in the field. The process of bringing together political studies from the past into a unified field is ongoing. The history of political science has provided a rich field for the development of both normative and positive political science, with each branch of the field having some predecessors in the past. In an effort to distinguish politics from economics and other social phenomena, the American Political Science Association and the American Political Science Review were established in 1903 and 1906, respectively.

2. DISCUSSION

The number of APSA members increased from 204 in 1904 to 1,462 in 1915. APSA members were instrumental in the establishment of political science departments distinct from history, philosophy, law, sociology, and economics. The Academy of Political Science established the journal Political Science Quarterly in 1886. Munroe Smith referred to political science as "the science of the state" in the inaugural issue of Political Science Quarterly. In this sense, it includes the state's structure, functions, and relationships with other states. The International Political Science Association was established in 1949, along with national associations in France in 1949, Britain in 1950, and West Germany in 1951, as part of a UNESCO initiative to promote political science in the late 1940s.

A behavioral revolution that emphasized the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the field in the 1950s and 1960s. Early behavioral political science, including the work of Robert Dahl, Philip Converse, and the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson, focused on studying political behavior rather than institutions or the interpretation of legal texts.

The use of deductive, game-theoretic formal modeling methods aimed at creating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the field took off in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During this time, a lot of research was done on political behavior, like voting, as well as political institutions like the United States Congress, using economics theory and methods. The primary proponents of this shift were University of Rochester professor William H. Riker and his colleagues and students.

It has been observed that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven, despite significant research progress in the field based on all of the types of scholarship discussed above. Political science is the social study of how power is distributed and transferred during decision-making, how governments and international organizations operate, political behavior, and public policies. It looks at a variety of factors, such as peace, justice, material wealth, stability, and public health, to determine how successful specific policies and governance are. By looking at politics, some political scientists try to advance positive theses, which try to describe how things are instead of how they should be; Others advance normative theses through specific policy recommendations, for instance. Political science provides analysis and predictions about political and governmental issues. Political scientists examine the processes, systems, and political dynamics of countries and regions of the world, frequently to raise public awareness or to influence specific governments. Political scientists may provide the frameworks from which journalists, special interest groups, politicians, and the electorate analyze issues. For instance, comparative analyses of which types of political institutions tend to produce certain types of policies. An important part of political science, according to Chaturvedy, is the theory of political transitions and the methods for analyzing and anticipating crises. One statistical indicator of crisis, a simultaneous increase in variance and correlations in large groups, was proposed for crisis anticipation and may be successfully used in various areas.

3. CONCLUSION

Its applicability for early diagnosis of political crises was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions. In the years prior to the crisis, there was a simultaneous increase in the statistical dispersion and total correlation of the 19 major public fears in Ukrainian society. One characteristic that certain major revolutions shared is the fact that they were not predicted. The study of major crises, both political crises and external crises that can affect politics, is not limited to attempts to predict regime changes or major changes in political institutions. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed. Political scientists also investigate how democratic voters react to their governments' preparations for and responses to crises, as well as how governments respond to unanticipated disasters.